Alarm over Dramatic Weakening of Gulf Stream Essay

Bay Stream and the augmentation it has on Europe is supposed to be an amazing Atlantic flow that has its starting point in Gulf of Mexico right to Africa over the Atlantic Ocean. The one impacts the atmosphere in the North American coast just as the coast in Europe. It is additionally utilized as a wellspring of sustainable power source for the age of intensity. Bay Stream is a solid flow that normally meets with other sea ebbs and flows and downpour is framed. It likewise move water as waves and furthermore helps the waterways that channel in the Atlantic Ocean. It structures downpour as the ebb and flow can cool the water that is depleting in the Atlantic Ocean in this way vanishing happens and falls in type of downpour. Since the current is the one that is controlling the atmosphere in the locale that it passes researchers have cautioned that there is proof of its debilitating. This implies there are territories that the current will cool therefore keeping human exercises from occurring. As per George et al 1995, this will prompt decrease of a worldwide temperature alteration later on until 2015. This is obvious as the warm water that originates from tropical Atlantic is cold when it gets toward the north of Atlantic. It is not necessarily the case that the atmosphere will change seriously as it may be suspected. As per a similar source the Gulf Stream is said to have debilitated in the previous decades and this has been brought about by an Earth-wide temperature boost. The quality that the current has, when estimated it has been found to slow by 30%. This has made the flow to back off and on the off chance that it remains so the temperatures in certain nations are probably going to drop like in Britain. It is likewise not satisfactory whether the debilitating is long haul or present moment. The motivation behind why temperatures are probably going to change is on the grounds that the current vehicles heat from locales that are tropical to the hover of the Arctic. This makes the water in the surface to warm as the ebb and flow discharges the warmth as it goes toward the north where it is cold. A worldwide temperature alteration influences the current by backing it off. This is on the grounds that a worldwide temperature alteration has caused liquefying of the water in the hilly locales to dissolve and makes the water less saline accordingly cooling can't occur. In Paris â€Å"Little Ice Age† that began in Europe is because of the debilitating of the Gulf Stream. This is on the grounds that there is warm water that enters River Thames and can't permit it to cool to how it was previously. This has additionally changed the climate in the locale. The debilitating has been clarified in the British diary Nature. The Gulf Stream has been accused in light of the fact that the warm water that it takes from the tropical areas to the coastline in Europe has cause serious climate changes in the locales that it goes through. There is additionally proof in the residue centers from where the Gulf Stream enters. There are microscopic fishes that are apparent in these centers and this relies upon the isotope that is available in oxygen. The isotope is dependant on the saltiness of the water. This is the thing that shows the thickness of the water in the ocean. As per researchers there is proof that there are changes that are occurring in the Gulf Stream. They state that if the Gulf Stream didn't have any impact Britain and Siberia could have a similar scope. In the past Greenland Sea had thick water sinking however since today it meets the Gulf steam flows it heats up and the outcome is that the water turns out to be warm. This has made the water gotten warm and influence the creatures that are available in the water. Smokestacks are the thick water that used to sink and this has diminished and in this way debilitating the Gulf Stream ebb and flow. The ice in the ocean is supposed to get more slender and more slender. Different researchers from Cambridge University have affirmed the debilitating of the Gulf Stream and that Europe is probably going to be cold than before. This is a direct result of the way that the quality at which the current is streaming is more slow than previously. They have additionally said that the stacks that were available in the Greenland Sea are no longer there. It is a direct result of these stacks that the world is encountering the climatic changes that are occurring. They have likewise anticipated that the waters will stay as they are and that temperature in Britain is going to drop in the following decade. (Taylor, et al, 1992 p. 920) The debilitating of these temperatures is going to cause no softening of the snow that falls in nations like Finland and France. This will make glaciations start on the grounds that there will be an expansion in the reflectivity of the planet. The Gulf flows is additionally said to influence different flows that it meets as it voyages. There are likewise some climatic changes that are probably going to happen later on however they are not known. It is likewise anticipated that the flows will keep on easing back down later on. Work Cited George, D. G. also, A. H. Taylor, UK lake microscopic fish and the Gulf Stream. Nature, 1995, 378, 139 Taylor, A. H. , Colebrook, J. M. , Stephens, J. A. furthermore, N. G. Dough puncher, Latitudinal relocations of the Gulf Stream and the bounty of tiny fish in the north-east Atlantic. J. of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 1992, 72, 919-921.

Principles of Hypothesis free essay sample

So far we have discussed assessing a certainty interim alongside the likelihood (the certainty level) that the genuine populace measurement exists in this interim under continued inspecting. We currently look at the standards of measurable surmising to speculations testing. Before the finish of this part you ought to have the option to †¢ Understand what is theory trying †¢ Examine issues identifying with the assurance of level of How is this Done? In the event that the contrast between our speculated esteem and the example esteem is little, at that point all things considered, our estimated estimation of the mean is right. The bigger the distinction the littler the likelihood that the conjectured esteem is right. By and by anyway seldom is the distinction between the example mean and the conjectured populace esteem sufficiently bigger or little enough for us to have the option to acknowledge or dismiss the speculation at first sight. We can't acknowledge or dismiss a speculation about a parameter essentially on instinct; rather we have to utilize target rules dependent on inspecting hypothesis to acknowledge or dismiss the theory. We will compose a custom article test on Standards of Hypothesis or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Theories testing is the way toward making surmisings about a populace dependent on an example. The key inquiry in this manner in theories testing is: the way likely is it that a populace, for example, one we have estimated to create an example, for example, the one we are taking a gander at. essentialness †¢ Apply trial of speculations to huge to the board Situations †¢ Use of SPSS bundle to do theories test and understanding of PC yield including p-values What is Hypothesis Testing? What is a Hypothesis? A theory is the suspicion that we make about the populace parameter. This can be any suspicion about a populace parameter not really founded on measurable information. For instance it can likewise be founded on the gut feel of a chief. Administrative theories depend on instinct; the commercial center chooses whether the manager’s instincts were in actuality right. Truth be told chiefs propose and test speculations constantly. For instance: †¢ If an administrator says ‘if we drop the cost of this vehicle model by Hypotheses Testing-The hypothesis Null Hypothesis In testing our speculations we should express the expected or conjectured estimation of the populace parameter before we start inspecting. The supposition we wish to test is known as the Null Hypotheses and is represented by Ho. For instance in the event that we need to test the theories that the populace mean is 500. We would compose it as: Ho:  µ=500 If we utilize the conjectured estimation of a populace mean in a difficult we speak to it emblematically as:  µHo. The term invalid speculations has its birthplaces in pharmaceutical testing where the invalid theories is that the medication has no impact, I. e. , there is no contrast between an example treated with the medication and untreated examples. Elective Hypothesis If our example results neglect to help the theories we should presume that something different must be valid. At whatever point we dismiss the invalid speculation the elective theory is the one we need to acknowledge. This represented by Ha . There are three potential elective speculations for any Ho. , I. e. : Ha:  µ? 500(the elective speculation isn't equivalent to 500) Ha:  µgt;500(the elective theory is more noteworthy than 500) Ha:  µlt;500( the elective speculation is under 500) Understanding Level of Significance The motivation behind testing a speculation isn't to scrutinize the figured estimation of the example insights yet to have a judgment about the effect between the example measurement and the guessed populace parameter. In this way the following stage, in the wake of expressing our invalid and elective theories, is to choose what Rs15000 , we’ll increment deals by 25000 units’ is a speculation. To test it truly we need to hold up to the year's end to and tally deals. †¢ An administrator gauges that deals per domain will develop on normal by 30% in the following quarter is likewise a suspicion or speculations. How might the supervisor approach testing this supposition? Assume he has 70 domains under him. †¢ One alternative for him is to review the aftereffects of every one of the 70 regions and decide if the normal is development is more noteworthy than or under 30%. This is a tedious and costly method. †¢ Another path is to take an example of domains and review deals results for them. When we have our business development figure, all things considered, it will contrast fairly from our accepted rate. For instance we may get an example pace of 27%. The supervisor is then confronted with the issue of deciding if his suspicion or speculated pace of development of deals is right or the example pace of development is progressively agent. To test the legitimacy of our presumption about the populace we gather test information and decide the example estimation of the measurement. We at that point decide if the example information bolsters our speculations suspicion with respect to the normal deals development. 11. 556  © Copy Right: Rai University 113 basis do we use for concluding whether to acknowledge or dismiss the invalid theory. How would We use Sampling to Accept or Reject Hypothesis? The Process of Hypothesis Testing We currently take a gander at the procedure of speculation testing. A model will help explain the issues in question: Aluminum sheets must have a normal thickness of . 04inches or they are pointless. A temporary worker takes an example of 100 sheets and decides mean example thickness as . 0408 inches. Based on past experience he realizes that the populace standard deviation for these sheets is . 04 inches. The issue the contractual worker faces is whether he ought to , based on test proof, acknowledge or dismiss a bunch of 10,000 aluminum sheets. As far as theories testing the issue is : †¢ If the genuine mean is . 04inches and the standard deviation. We utilize the outcome that there is a sure fixed likelihood related with interims from the mean characterized as far as number of standard deviations from the mean. In this manner our concern of testing a theory lessens to deciding the likelihood that an example measurement, for example, the one we have acquired could have emerged from a populace with a speculated mean m. In the speculation tests we need two numbers to settle on our choice whether to acknowledge or dismiss the invalid theory: †¢ a watched esteem or processed from the example †¢ a basic worth characterizing the limit between the acknowledgment and dismissal locale . Rather than estimating the factors in unique units we ascertain a normalized z variable for a standard ordinary circulation with mean  µ=0. The z measurement discloses to us what number of what number of standard deviations above or underneath the mean normalized mean (z,lt;0, zgt;0) our perception falls. We can change over our watched information into the normalized scale utilizing the change .004 inches, what are the odds of getting an example imply that contrasts from the populace mean (. 04 inches) by . 0008inches or more? To locate this out we have to figure the likelihood that an irregular example with mean . 08 will be chosen from a populace with  µ =. 04 and a standard deviation. On the off chance that this likelihood is too low we should infer that the aluminum company’s explanation is bogus and the mean thickness of the transfer provided isn't . 04inches. When we have expressed out theory we need to choose a rule to be utilized to acknowledge or dismiss Ho. The degree of noteworthiness speaks to the basis utilized by the chief to acknowledge or dismiss a theory. For instance if the supervisor wishes to take into consideration a 5% level of essentialness. This implies we dismiss the invalid theory when the watched distinction between the example mean and populace mean is with the end goal that it or a bigger contrast would just happen 5 or less occasions in each 100 examples when the speculated estimation of the populace parameter is right. It thusly demonstrates the passable degree of examining variety we are eager to permit while tolerating the invalid speculation. In measurable terms 5% is known as the degree of criticalness and is signified by a=. 05 We currently compose our information efficiently. The z measurement quantifies the quantity of standard deviations from the speculated mean the example mean falsehoods. From the standard ordinary tables we can compute the likelihood of the example mean varying from the genuine populace mean by a predetermined number of standard deviations. For instance: †¢ we can discover the likelihood that the example mean contrasts from the populace mean by at least two standard deviations. It is this likelihood esteem that will disclose to us how likely it is that a given example mean can be acquired from a populace with a conjectured mean m. . †¢ If the likelihood is low for instance under 5% , maybe Our example information is as per the following: n=100, it very well may be sensibly presumed that the distinction between the example mean and conjectured populace mean is excessively huge and the possibility that the populace would create such an irregular example is excessively low. What likelihood comprises too low or adequate level is a judgment for chiefs to make. Certain circumstances request that leaders be exceptionally secure with the qualities of the things being tried and even a 2% likelihood that the populace delivers such an example is excessively high. In different circumstances there is more prominent scope and a leader might be wiling to acknowledge a theory with a 5% likelihood of chance variety. In every circumstance what should be resolved are the expenses coming about because of an off base choice and the specific degree of hazard we are eager to expect. Our base standard for a satisfactory likelihood, state, 5%, is likewise the hazard we run of dismissing a speculation that is valid. To test any theory we have to ascertain the standard blunder of the mean from the populace

Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gathering Analysis - Essay Example The workplace likewise overflows with gatherings, both of companions or gatherings set up to encourage the accomplishment of a particular authoritative objective. The following stage in life is to shape groups of their own which are additionally bunches with the cycle starting once more. Practically all exercises did by individuals are done in gatherings, making them a center component of study with connection to understanding human conduct. As indicated by Forsyth, bunches have for some time been the subject important to the two specialists and researchers (2006). Broad investigations have been completed with respect to how gatherings are considered and how they are later disintegrated; this incorporates how they are changed and how they are utilized to either acknowledge set points, or how they can be utilized to execute offenses (Forsyth 2006). This paper examines bunch elements and correspondence inside a gathering of first year undergrad nursing students’, taking part in a friend drove group learning gathering. I took an interest in a companion drove group learning bunch in my first year as a nursing understudy; thusly, this task is a review of my perceptions of the gathering. The utilization of companion learning is a training that has been embraced in numerous colleges around the world, as a way to improve understudies comprehension of ideas through steady conversations that occur in little gatherings, and where the talk energizes the same number of inquiries as there may be, from understudies (Peer-Led Team Learning 2013). Most understudies feel free around their kindred understudies, instead of around their teachers and educators. This makes them increasingly slanted to talk about ideas and inquiries with different understudies, than with a teacher or educator. Companion drove group learning holds the qualities of being a technique that improves understudy commitment and inspiration in learning, just as generally speaking execution (Center for t he Study of Higher Education 2002). This is because of the way that all the while, understudies figure out how to convey adequately as they work in groups, while peer pioneers increase fearlessness, get familiar with various gathering the board abilities, and how to instruct. In this unique circumstance, understudies were mentioned to band themselves into gatherings of four. Two companion pioneers (for example bunch pioneer and right hand bunch pioneer) for each gathering were then chosen from third and fourth year understudies, who had shown model execution in class. As a method of furnishing them with the fundamental abilities, the companion chiefs were taken through brief preparing predominantly focussed on the best way to deal with gatherings. At the point when this was set, each gathering was given an organized issue to settle. As per the rules, each gathering was required to meet twice consistently, and individuals were given the benefit to pick the best time for their convers ations. Portrayal of Peer Leaders and Group Members Characteristics and Behaviors 1. Tom (Group pioneer) He is a fourth year nursing understudy. He is firm, certain, and clever. His strength and confidence causes him vanquish complex issues. He additionally has a liberal way to deal with things. He is anyway very poor in time the executives since he frequently arrives behind schedule for the conversations, and is normally late to comply with time constraints. His absence of regard for time and set cutoff times is now and again considered as absence of regard towards the associate gathering pioneer and gathering individuals. 2. Olivia (Assistant gathering pioneer) She is a third year nursing stud

Forensic Science and Miscarriages of Justice Article Review - Free Essay Example

Forensic Science and Miscarriages of Justice: Some Lessons from Comparative experiences Introduction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Forensic Science and Miscarriages of Justice: Some lessons from Comparative experiencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is written by Kent Roach, is Professor of Law at University of Toronto. He is former Director of Research for the Inquiry into Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario (2008). The article is a critical analysis of NRC report[1] with comparative experience[2] of administration of Forensic Science in United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. The NRC report mainly focused on its recommendation of federal regulation of the forensic labs, which is governed by state governments and police departments. This article pointed out some issues related to effects of not taking contemporary other systems of regulations of forensic sciences in consideration for comparative study as it might have revealed some unique challenges which may be faced by United States, as challenges related to radical decentralization of administration of criminal justice system and forensic sciences and another challenges related to disciplinary defragmentation of the forensic science without taking scientific and regulatory issues in account. Limitations This article review is mainly focused on the issue of miscarriage of justice which may take place due to this novel and ever developing science. As present article has some limitations in research pertaining to Indian scenario, this article is mainly focused on system and regulation of forensic sci ences and criminal justice system in United States whereas, my study and research is inclined toward administration of forensic sciences and criminal justice system in India. In this article review I have tried to make a comparative analysis of U.S. criminal justice system and forensic science with India Chapter -1 Administration of forensic Sciences in India and a comparative analysis with United States and United Kingdom In this article recommendations of the NRC report[3] and their relevance, some observations of authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s himself and effects of some changes which are recommended by this report are critically analyzed in four parts. In the first part this article author examined the issues related to fragmentation of forensic science discipline by discipline and jurisdiction by jurisdiction. As administration of forensic sciences in The United States is taken care by the State authorities not by the federation, which is as suggested, are required to be go verned by federal government. A common regulation system of forensic sciences and monitoring is recommended by this NRC report. The monitoring structure not only includes the quality assurance but also monitoring of courtroom testimony and languages used in those proceedings. In India the administration of forensic sciences is done by central government as well as by State governments. For this purpose four major Central Forensic Science Laboratories were established and later on three other laboratories were also established. Four out of these seven laboratories handles different disciplines of the sciences. Six laboratories are governed by Directorate of Forensic Sciences Services under Ministry of Home Affairs and one i.e. CFSL Delhi is controlled by Central bureau of Investigation.[4] States in India also have their own forensic science laboratories governed by state government itself under control of Police organization[5]. The major criticism faced by Indian system of regul ation of forensic is that it is in tutelage of police organizations and as criticized by Dr. T.R. Baggi former Director of Hyderabad CFSL that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“police used and continue to use forensic science if it suits themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .[6] There is no access of expert science to the accused and this may cause prejudices to the justice. A requirement of monitoring is always felt. It is necessary to understand the need of court and what is being supplied to the court. In this field a few steps are taken. In United Kingdom For the purpose of quality assurance better resources, training, research governance and independence of the science lab appointment of Forensic Science regulator was made who is not only be responsible for quality assurance but also for hearing the complains regarding the same. This mechanism does not provide for the continues monitoring of courtroom testimony including the misleading languages. In India Directorate of Forensic Science Services in responsibl e for quality assurance as well as grievance redressal but there is no third independent body to monitor the use of sciences. Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2 Impediments to the development of Forensic sciences in India A very rhetoric comment made by Dr. T.R. Baggi[7] that forensic science in India is an ornamental and cosmetic utility of the investigation agencies[8]. It is very much true with regard to Indian Forensic science administration system and criminal justice system that it is mainly used to support the prosecution story. It is not being utilized in its own right with the full thrust to help the investigating law enforcement agencies and the criminal justice system. It is showcased and remembered only when major and sensational crime occur to satisfy the inquisitive and demanding media and citizens Forensic Science became a very isolated stream of science which has some specific sections as Ballistics, Chemistry, Physics, Toxicology, Computer sciences etc. This k ind of Disciplinary fragmentation, which is common in many countries like U.S., U.K., Australia and India, resulted in stagnation. Because of the improper vision, outlook and obsolete policies forensic science has failed to progress when compared to other disciplines of pure and applied sciences.[9] There is a requirement of giving freedom, encouragement and better infrastructure to this field of science and by this it can develop as other branches of pure and applied science as computer science, space science, atomic science etc. In the NRC report also more emphasis is given on avoiding disciplinary fragmentation and rejoining this stream with applied science. Forensic Science in India is suffering from lack of resources, man power, poor infrastructure, and absence of proper national policies and support. Poor infrastructure and lack of better career opportunities became reasons for forensic labs not being able to attract talented scientists. There is requirement to provide huma n resources to this field and for this purpose forensic science education system has to be revived.[10] In the field of forensic science education only two universities were offering masters, research and Ph.D. programmes till 2008[11]. These institution were in tutelage of police organizations and administration due to which not exposed to the scientific culture and due to that these institutions couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t develop like scientific organization. In the Perspective plan for Indian forensics presented to Ministry of Home Affairs in 2010[12], some suggestions as to development of forensic science in India were made and accepted by government also. For the purpose of infrastructural development three new FSLs[13] were established in Bhopal, Guwahati and Pune. These labs are suffering from lack of infrastructure and depleted manpower. In that particular report one suggestion as to the privatization of the forensic laboratories was made. This suggestion was made by looki ng at developed nations, but the issue remains that it is perilous and any compromise will jeopardize the whole criminal justice system in the country. Private sector in developed nation is being used to the minimum extent, as their own systems and labs are fully developed which is not the case with India.[14] Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 3 Importance of adopting foreign experiences Two cases firstly Daubert and secondly Paul Morin cases raises some very fundamental questions before the criminal justice system that, what should be admissible and what is not? And another is up to what extent court can rely on those testimonies. Forensic science work as aid to the criminal justice system increases the quality of evidence produced and certainty of proof but there always remains a chance of error. Up to what extent this error is acceptable and up to what extent injustice is acceptable. Such cases produce challenges in application of sciences before every nation where science is b eing used as an aid to justice. Indian Forensic Science stream is suffering from both lack of technological advancement and infrastructural development. In such system there are greater chances of errors and it may jeopardise whole criminal justice system in country. In this situation it is very much required to utilize the foreign experiences and find ways to minimize error in administration. In the fourth part of the paper relevance of the Daubert v. Merrell dow Pharmacuticals Inc.[15] case was examined. A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"comparative experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of adoption of principles laid down in this case by Canada, is examined with respect to United States, which is reluctantly accepting the contribution of principles laid down in Daubert case[16]. In this case two persons Jeson Daubert and Eric Schuller who were born with some birth defects of limb reduction. The birth defects were caused due to their mother who had taken a particular drug which was prescribed for morn ing sickness (Bendectin). They offered expert testimony at trial. That particular testimony had not been published and the research had only been done after the beginning of litigation. Whatever decided by the court is known as Daubert Guidelines. This case gave some effective and precautionary guidelines for the admissibility and strict assessment of expert opinion and proposed witness. These guidelines were though very strict but very necessary to remove slightest possibility of wrongful conviction. Court observed that prior to the admission of expert opinion it should be ascertained that derivation of findings must be based on scientifically valid principles, it has been generally accepted in scientific community, it has been and can be tested, and it must be peer reviewed and published and the most important of these guidelines is that whether known or potential rate of error acceptable? Author in the second part of the article pointed out some questions on quantification of error rate and reliability of expert opinion. As NRC report suggested the establishment of quantifiable measures of reliability and accuracy of forensic analysis and quantifiable measures of uncertainty in the conclusion of forensic analysis.[17] This was questioned previously in Ontario Pathology Report by Justice Stephen Goudge.[18] He put some precise question that how would Pathologists quantify and express the degree of certainty behind their opinion about cause of death?[19] He also pointed out that legal standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt has no relation with science and medicine. This report explores the difficulties of subjecting forensic pathology to the quantifiable measures of reliability and uncertainty that the NRC recommends be developed for all the forensic sciences.[20] Justice Stephen Gaudge recommended for a multidisciplinary work to be done for better understanding and accuracy. This NRC report gave two reasons for its pessimistic view on Daubert case[21 ], firstly that appellate court defer to admissibility decision made by trial judges and secondly that stricter admissibility standards, when applied in criminal cases, generally excludes expert testimony offered by accused.[22] This threshold reliability of expert requires assessment of (i) reliability of the proposed witness; (ii) the field of science, (iii) opinion offered in particular case with the attention paid to the limits of the proposed witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expertise and the language used to express opinion. This type of strict assessment is generally applied in case of novel scientific development and leading cases in which evidence produced by the accused. A wrongful conviction is more grave injustice than wrongful acquittal. As forensic science is a novel stream and this ever developing technology explores not only future horizons but also strikes down the old technologies and their conclusions. In Paul Morinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case[23], Guy Paul Morin was convicted for the charge of rape and murder of a 9 year old girl in 1984. At the trial court he was acquitted but later on convicted by appellate court. The appellate court gave importance to the expert testimony of hair and fiber analysis which found from Morinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s car with the deceased girl and solely on that basis he was convicted. Later on new DNA profiling technique developed and he on his own expenses got tests done and produced report in court. On this development court observed that previously used technology was very much irrelevant and not competent to be admitted as evidence in the court. DNA test conclusively made clear that DNA of girl and hair recovered from Paulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s car does not match. He was acquitted. Guy Paul Morinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was an example that how a peer reviewed research can also be misused or misinterpreted. It is not only lack of research but misinterpretation can also lead to wrong conclusion. As author of hair an d fiber analysis research testified in this case that their study had no relevance with the Paul Morinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case. We can find that the same forensic science which is used as aid to criminal justice, in this way can works against the system. Later on Kaufmann commission[24] found that Forensic Centerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role in conviction of Paul was substantial. The findings of the analysts were overstated and misunderstood by police, prosecutors, and the courts. Contamination problems were not disclosed. Later on it was accepted that such error rate should be used only for acquittal not for the conviction Chapter à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 Conclusion Forensic Science as an aid to the criminal justice system is very useful but any kind of error can also in this science can lead to injustice also. It was suggested in NRC report about defragmentation of disciplines of the forensic science and use of multidisciplinary disciplinary work to reduce error rate. It was sugge sted for reconciliation of this isolated stream of science with applied science. By this reconciliation of streams path for the new developments and new research will be opened and science as a whole become aid to the justice system. It is required that any testimony given as an expert opinion must be based completely scientifically established principles. For this purpose both court and prosecution must be aware about developing technologies, their uses and misuses. Some administrative changes in this field also can help in minimizing the chance of error. Such administrative changes are as Unified administration of Forensic science labs, establishment of monitoring mechanism for quality assurance. Some problem in forensic sciences are common to all systems and in such situations it is very important to observe experiences of others and learn lessons from them, because in this system there are no chances of commission of mistakes. Page | 1 [1] National Research Council Report, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Strengthening the Forensic Science in the United States: A path forwardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2009. Authored by Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, National Research Council [2] Comparative experiences refers to the similarities and differences revealed by the study of comparative law or jurisprudence. [3] Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Sciences Community, National Research Council Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward available on https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12589.html [4] Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CBI) New Delhi (April 15 2014) https://cbi.nic.in/cfsl/about.htm [5] T. R. BAGGI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Revamping forensic science in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Hindu (May 24, 2008) This point was also inferred from official websites of various state forensic science laboratories Andhra Pradesh à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" forensic science lab is in direct control of Director General of Police (15/4/2014 at 8.36 AM) https://www.apfsl.gov.in/organisation.html Madhya Pradesh forensic science lab is in direct control of Director General of Police (15/4/2014 at 8.36 AM) https://www.mppolice.gov.in/static/Fslsagar.aspx [6] Dr. T.R. Baggi à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Why is forensic Science is stunted and static in India?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Hindu Sept. 11, 2011 https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/why-is-forensic-science-stunted-and-static-in-india/article2443599.ece [7] Former Director of Hyderabad CFSL [8] Supra note 6 [9] T. R. BAGGI à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Revamping forensic science in Indiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Hindu (May 24, 2008) [10] Supra note 9 [11] After 2008 few other universities also started offering courses in Forensic science as Panjab University, Banaras Hindu University, Gujarat forensic Science university etc. [12] Dr. Gopal Ji Misra Dr. C. Damodaran à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“PERSPECTIVE PLAN for INDIAN FORENSICSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Final Report presented to the Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India JULY 2010 (April 15,2014) https://www.mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/IFS(2010)-FinalRpt.pdf [13] Forensic Science Laboratory [14] Supra note 6 [15] Daubert et ux., individually and as guardians ad litem for Daubert, et al. Vs. Merrell dow pharmaceuticals, inc. 509 U.S. 579 (1993 ) [16] Ibid. [17] Supra note 3 pp 80 [18] Commissioner Stephen T. Gaudge Inquiry in to Pediatric Forensic Pathology in Ontario (April 13 2014) https://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/goudge/report/v1_en_pdf/Vol_1_Eng.pdf [19] Ibid. [20] Supra note 2 [21] Ibid. [22] Supra note 5, pp. 87 [23] R. v. Morin [1988] 2 S.C.R. 345 [24] Fred Kaufman, Report of the Kaufman Commission on Proceedings Involving Guy Paul Morin (1998)

Theory Of Counseling And The Therapy Process - 997 Words

Theories of counseling are basic tools used in the therapy process. An interesting component of these tools is the person-centered therapy. The person-centered theory was founded by Carl Rogers on the belief there is good in all human beings. Rogers s person-centered therapy is among the most influential and widely employed techniques in modern U.S. clinical psychology (Grant, 2015). Rogers believed with caring nurturing care the client could work out their issues. Additionally person-centered theory maintains the idea that the iniquities that the client is experiencing is from their own surroundings. This therapy considers it necessary for the client to be in a conflicting state for this type of therapy. The†¦show more content†¦The number one component of this therapy is unconditional positive regard. Essentially this means that the therapist must accept the client without judgement and unconditionally. In person-centered counselling, it is crucial that the client is allow ed to express and explore the positive or negative sides of themselves without fear of rejection. The second component is empathic understanding. Empathetic understanding signifies that the therapist perfectly comprehends the client’s feelings and thoughts from the clients own viewpoint. When the therapist sees what the world is like from the client’s perspective, it bring about feelings of acceptance in the client. And let us not forget the third component, congruence. This is a very important part of the therapy because it means that the therapist must be genuine. It is crucial that the therapist be honest and genuine to initiate feelings of trust in the clients. Many clients can see through a standoffish professional front, so a legitimate facade in the therapeutic process is highly important. There are certain professionals that appreciate the benefits of this type of therapy. 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A Cultural Biography Within The First Week I - 990 Words

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Hamlet Essay About Deception Example For Students

Hamlet Essay About Deception Think of a play that has a character who always dresses in black; a child disinherited because of a parents remarriage; a young man with an Oedipal complex; meditations on the nature of writing and art; and a play-within-a-play. If you guessed Hamlet, youd be right. But youd also be right if you guessed The Seagull. The American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Mass. has programmed both plays this season, using the same cast, and audiences who saw Hamlet, which closed in January, will get to see Chekhovs play beginning Feb. 14.The idea for the double dose of melanccholy came from ART artistic director Robert Brustein, who suggested it to guest director Ron Daniels. Although Daniels is directing both plays, he says hes of two minds about promoting the parallels.A play has got to stand on its own and reach its audience as a live piece of theatre, without extraneous references, he says. That being said, then you start investigating certain connections between the two plays, and interesting things begin to emerge.Chekhovs characters are continually quoting Hamlet, Daniels points out. Obviously the central relationship between Trepley and his mother is very Hamlet-like. Then there is the dead father and the usurper Trigorin. And finally Nina, like Ophelia, undergoes a great emotional stress.But such parallels, says Daniels, are mechanical. What interests him is Chekhovs attitude toward his characters, which, unlike Shakespeares is profoundly ambivalent. Chekhov was exasperated by the Russian intelligentsia, who had potential for goodfor reformbut was incapable of action, he explains. The Russian Hamlet is a superfluous figure, and therefore he is swept aside. Or, actually, Treplev sweeps himself aside.In Danielss view, its Chekhovs women who are heroic: Arkadina, a voracious survivor; Masha, who has grit and a determination to endure; and particularly Nina. It is Nina who escapes the entombment of this world, and survives and endures and changes, he says, whereas in Hamlet, the Nina character Ophelia is destroyed. She refuses to fight for her life in the river.The productions are cross-cast, so that Mark Rylance, who played Hamlet, will play Treplev; the actress who played Ophelia will be Nina; Gertrude will be Arkadina; Claudius will be Trigorin; and other Danes will become Russians.Daniels originally directed Hamlet in 1989 at the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he spend the past 14 years as an associate director. For its remounting at ART, a coproduction with the Pittsburgh Public Theater, Daniels brought with him lead actor Rylance, composer and musician Claire van Kampen, and designer Antony McDonald. The director credits McDonald with nudging him away from location Shakespeare over the past four or five years. The moment you say, |Im going to set Pericles in modern Palestine, a set of inevitable solutions arises. I think its very easy to do productions of that nature, but its more interesting to try to find an inner logic, an inner coherence.McDonalds set for Hamlet is dominated by an immense window in the upstage wall, sharply titled onto a corner, through which the audience sees painted gray breakers mounting to the top. When the back wall opens for outdoor scenes, like Fortinbrass march and Ophelias funeral, the turbulent ocean threatens to engulf the stage.McDonalds costume suggest various periods of the early 20th century. The womens dresses look vaguely Edwardian (although Ophelia enters in a satin gown she might have borrowed from Jean Harlow), while male courtiers wear maroon-and-gray uniforms, jackboots and Sam Browne Belts, implying a fascits, 1930s Denmark. Perhaps the most arresting image was Rylances teary-eyed Hamlet wandering through Elsinore in dirty, rumpled pajamas, like a lost child. Daniels says the idea arose because of Rylances youthful looks. Through the play it was possible to investigate the whole trauma of adolescenceadolescent breakdown, schizophrenia, suicide, despair, says the director, who is a father himself. (A son, 23, has just joined the RSC; his daughter is 19.)The idea of a modern man reduced to a figure in pajamas has obsessed Daniels recently: his Richard II in 1990 wore the pajamas of a concerntration camp, and he says the image may resurface in The Seagull. .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .postImageUrl , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:hover , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:visited , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:active { border:0!important; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:active , .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265 .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6872b82394602411c2a42d715fa73265:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: NEA emerges intact: Congressional process is a tortuous path EssayFor the latter play, McDonald has created a visual parallel to the wild ocean: Chekhovs lake dominates the background. The design is vast, says Daniels. It starts off with huge landscapes, and gradually reduces, so the final scene is set in a minuscule, tomblike space. Nina emerges from this tomb and ventures through the storm toward a new life, leaving the rest to disappear into history. Daniels says he and McDonald intend to uproot Chekhov out of the sepias and the linden trees and the long flowing Victorian gowns, setting the play considerably later. Im anxious to explore color. Its not necessarily a play about sepia nostalgia; its vibrant, says Daniels. Apparently Matisse was a great favorite in Russia at the time the play was written, so McDonald has incorporated colors from the painters palette into the design. Danielss arrival at ART renews an old friendship with Brustein and other company members from Brusteins tenure at Yale Repertory Theatre, where Daniels directed plays by Brecht, Bond and Rudkin in the 1970s.The director, who is 49, was born and raised in Niteroi, a city across the bay from Rio de Janeiro, but established himself in England after a coup that toppled the Brazilian government in the 1960s. He became a free agent earlier this year when Adrian Noble reorganized the RSC, using freelance directors rather than house directors.ART, meanwhile, has asked him to stay in Cambridge as associate artistic director, a prospect which excites him. Im very interested in doing more than ad hoc productions, Daniels says. I like the sense of continuity at ART.The third stage of my life, which is going to happen in America, will tap both my early daysthe colors, smells, abandon and chaos of South America and my European years the discipline and rigors of the Old World. In America, I look forward to bringing those two things together.